Pediatr. pro Praxi, 2003; 6: 303-306

Kdy indikovat imunologické a alergologické vyšetření před a po očkování?

MUDr. Eva Daňková CSc, MUDr. Stanislava Honzová
Imunologické centrum, Praha

Keywords: vaccination, immunodeficiency, allergy, immunological and allergological tests

Published: December 31, 2003  Show citation

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Daňková E, Honzová S. Kdy indikovat imunologické a alergologické vyšetření před a po očkování? Pediatr. praxi. 2003;4(6):303-306.

Při indikaci aktivní imunizace se jedná především o to, abychom vyloučili těžký imunodeficitní stav před aplikací živé očkovací látky a abychom neaplikovali pacientovi alergen, po kterém by se mohla vyvinout těžká anafylaktická reakce. Máme-li podezření na imunodeficitní stav před podáním živé očkovací látky, je nutné vyšetřit minimálně základní imunologické parametry, tj. imunoglobuliny IgG, IgA, IgM a IgE, krevní obraz s diferenciálem, aktivitu komplementu - test CH50 nebo CH100 a fagocytózu - hlavně schopnost oxidativního vzplanutí granulocytů, nejčastěji NBT test. Těžká celková anafylaktická resp. anafylaktoidní reakce po očkovací látce nebo složce v ní obsažené je kontraindikací podání této očkovací látky. Kožní testy a vyšetření specifických IgE protilátek na alergeny obsažené v očkovacích látkách jsou vyšetření pomocná. Titr specifických protilátek po aktivní imunizaci ověřujeme u neživých vakcín za 4-6 týdnů, u živých vakcín za 6-8 týdnů po interpretaci; u dětí s imunodeficitními stavy volíme pozdější termíny. Před očkováním vyšetření indikujeme u pacientů s autoimunitními a imunopatologickými chorobami nebo u dětí, u kterých se vyvinula závažnější reakce po očkování, abychom vyloučili nadbytečnou stimulaci imunitního systému.

When to indicate an immunological and allergological examination before and after vaccination?

The goal of an indication of active immunization is to exclude severe immunodeficiency before an administration of live vaccines, not to administer an allergen, which can induce severe anaphylactic reaction. If we suspect an immunodeficiency before administration of live vaccines, it is necessary to examine at least basic immunological parameters e.g. IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE immunoglobulins, complete blood and differential count, complement activity - tests CH50 and CH100 and phagocytosis - particularly the ability of oxidative outburst of granulocytes, usually an NBT test. Severe overall anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction resulting form the vaccine or its compound is a contraindication to administration of such vaccine. Skin tests and examination of specific IgE antibodies to allergens, which are contained in vaccines, are auxiliary tests only. Titres of specific antibodies after the active immunization are evaluated in children with immunodeficiency after a period of 6 to 8 weeks post vaccination. These examinations are indicated before vaccination in patients with autoimmune and immunopathological diseases or in children with major reactions after previous vaccinations, to exclude overstimulation of immune system.

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