Pediatr. praxi. 2026;27(1):27-32 | DOI: 10.36290/ped.2026.005

Spina bifida - closed forms

MUDr. Tomáš Radovnický, Ph.D., prof. MUDr. Martin Sameš, CSc.

Neurochirurgická klinika Fakulty zdravotnických studií Univerzity J. E. Purkyně a Masarykovy nemocnice v Ústí nad Labem, Krajská zdravotní, a. s.

Closed forms of spina bifida represent a heterogeneous group of congenital malformations of the spine and spinal cord which, unlike open defects, are covered by intact skin. Their clinical significance lies primarily in the risk of developing neurological, urological, and orthopedic impairment due to the potential development of tethered cord syndrome. Clinical diagnosis is often challenging, as symptoms may be subtle and early cutaneous stigmata can be easily overlooked. Magnetic resonance imaging remains the diagnostic method of choice for visualizing the anatomy of the dysraphism. Early identification of at-risk patients is essential, since surgical detethering can prevent deterioration or even improve existing symptoms. This review provides an overview of current knowledge on closed forms of spina bifida, focusing on clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic management.

Keywords: spina bifida, tethered cord syndrome, meningocele, lipomyelomeningocele, dermal sinus, diastematomyelia, neurenteric cyst.

Accepted: February 16, 2026; Published: March 3, 2026  Show citation