Preterm birth is a significant risk factor for number of psychiatric disorders and neurodevelopmental impairments. However, mental health issues of preterm children are substantially underestimated in comparison with that somatic. This article has several objectives: to summarize the most important findings of preterm mental health studies, to inform briefly about the recent research on preterm children born with very low birthweight and to draft concept of psychological and psychiatric care for children with serious perinatal stress.

Rates of caesarean section has long been rising both abroad and in the Czech Republic. A wide range of causes is cited literally. The
main consequence of delivery by planned caesarean section from the perspective of acute neonatal medicine is an increased risk of
neonatal respiratory morbidity and subsequent complications, including long ‑term. The need for not only careful consideration of
the benefits and risks for both the mother and the newborn, but also the prevention and anticipation of the development of neonatal
respiratory morbidity is clear.

The review can solve for helping pediatricians in orientation during first steps in patients with hematuria.

Perioperative medicine is a developing multidisciplinary field. Collaboration of various specialities is required for safe preparation and management of anaesthesia. From the perspective of an anaesthesiologist, it is important to classify surgical procedures into groups according to the surgical risk. Based on this risk, the extent of the preoperative examination is determined. The pre-anaesthetic examination is typically performed at an anaesthesiology ward. Following the assessment of the patient’s internal status, the anaesthesiologist will evaluate the anaesthesia risk and inform both the patient and the family of the plan of anaesthesiology care. Proper analgesia is an integral part of perioperative care. Multimodal analgesia is preferred. Particular attention is paid to the airways, venous access, upper respiratory tract infections, and preoperative fasting.

Scabies is epidemic ectoparasitosis caused by human parasite Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis. The reservoir of a contagion is the man. The transmission of the disease is caused by direct or indirect contact. The incubation period ranges from two to three weeks. The disease is characterised by an intensive night pruritus. In childhood age we can find this disease very frequently. Diagnostics is based on positive night pruritus, clinical picture and demonstration of Sarcoptes scabiei in skin of ill person. The method of the first alternative at children there is permethrin and sulphur. Scabies is subordinated to the obligatory epidemiologic announcement. In the article we describe aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, differential diagnostics, treatment and present legislation with precaution.

Definition and diagnosis of acute renal failure has changed significantly over the last 10 years. Acute renal failure in children was replaced by the term „Acute kidney injury“ (AKI). Epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology and treatment of AKI in children are mentioned.

Symptoms of urinary tract infection in newborns may be nonspecific. Diagnosis is based on chemical and microbiological urine examination along with neonatal sepsis work-up. Correct urine sample collection is essential, usage of collection bags is not recommended, given the high risk of bacterial contamination. Early parenteral antibiotic administration along with maintenance of adequate hydration is the mainstay of the management. Ultrasound examination is necessary to detect any congenital defects of the uropoetic system. Indication of voiding cystography in newborns after the first acute pyelonephritis with normal ultrasound is still a subject for debate.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the the major human pathogens. Apart from common community infections such as catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, otitis media or sinusitis, it causes invasive and potentially life-threatening infections. Pneumococcal arthritis is also considered as invasive disease. This case study describes a relatively rare case of the infant with a pneumococcal arthritis of the hip. The study focuses on a brief overview of the issues, clinical manifestations, diagnostics and treatment of the bacterial arthritis in children and prevention of the invasive pneumococcal disease.

The Chlamydiaceae family are cosmopolitan, obligate intracellular pathogens, causing respiratory, urogenital, and ocular infections. Currently, given their high prevalence, potentially serious complications, and a very difficult interpretation of laboratory results, chlamydial infections can be considered a major medical problem. treatment.

The primary role of a lactation consultant is to help mothers with breasfeeding, recommending the best strategies for nursing and solving any related problems that may arise in the duration of breastfeeding. The main aim of this article is to highlight the negative influence of soothers (dummies) on breastfeeding, resulting in a reduction in the total duration of breastfeeding; the increased risk of otitis and increased incidence of malocclusion in children.

Drowning belongs to important topics of intensive care in paediatrics. The authors describe a case of a 2-year-old boy who near-drowned in biologically contaminated water. Child’s prognosis was very serious, he developed extreme acidosis, hypothermia <30°C and a severe pulmonary injury caused by aspiration. Immediate lay resuscitation followed by complex treatment led to a complete recovery of the child. The case is provided with necessary information about this serious topic with emphasis on prevention.

Achalasia is a rare esophageal motility disorder presenting with clinical symptoms resulting from his evacuation. Children usually present with progressive dysphagia, vomiting, and weight loss. Achalasia is diagnosed with a barium swallow study and may by confirmed with esophageal manometry. We report the case of an otherwise healthy 16-year-old boy having a six months history of progressive dysfagia of sollid food followed later by dysfagia of liquids too. Esophagogram demonstrated delayed passage at the gastroesophageal junction with esophageal body dilatation. Diagnosis of primary achalasia was confirmed with esohageal manometric measurement. The patient underwent laparoscopic Heller myotomy with complete clinical improvement.

Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) affect significant portion of pediatric population. The most common immunopathogenetic mechanisms are specific IgE mediated reactions or specific T cells mediated reactions. Part of adverse drug reactions has no immunological basis. The most frequent drugs causing DHR are antibiotics, especially beta-lactams, further drugs causing perioperative allergic reactions, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and less frequently chemotherapeutics, contrast media or vaccines. The basis of DHR diagnosis is carefully obtained history followed by skin testing, eventually drug provocation test. Optimal result of diagnostic procedure is the finding of a culprit drug and suggestion of an appropriate alternative medication.

We report a 15-month-old boy suffering from double aortic arch (DAA) with a history of several severe airway infections with permanent inspiratory stridor. Both barium esophagogram and flexible bronchoscopy revealed a vascular impression of the trachea and the oesophagus. Final diagnosis was established by MRI of the aortic arch. All clinical symptoms and signs remitted after successful cardiosurgery.

Main aim of this article is to inform pediatrists about our actual view on the clinical picture, epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnostic procedures of ADHD and about the therapeutic approaches to this disorder. According to DSM 5, revised diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, we accept ADHD as a neurodevelopmental disorder with common onset in childhood and lifelong duration in at least at half of the patients. ADHD can be result in various consequent problems in adult life e.g. emotional, relational or social. Hyperactivity is often the first symptom in early childhood, severe inattention with some consequences in academic performance is usually observed at basic school level. Comorbidity complicates diagnostic process. Proper therapy can help to harmonize the development of personality, to build self-esteem and to improve socialization in adulthood.

An increasing trend in the number of adults and children travelling from developed countries to epidemiologically risky areas has been observed in the recent years. The majority is represented by tourists, however, a significant proportion of people travel for work or visit their friends and relatives. Many of the travel-related health risks are similar both in children and adults. However, during a pre-travel consultation it is necessary to respect major differences between these two age groups. Many infectious diseases have atypical manifestation or even more severe clinical course in children. In addition, some commonly used vaccines are not immunogenic in infants and toddlers and many of them are used in different schedules. Furthermore, the choice of antimalarials must respect the age limits for prescription. Due to the increasing number of travellers it can be presumed that primary care physicians will be facing the travel-related health problems more frequently.

Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) was described by Caffey in the 1970s. It is caused when an infant, held firmly by the trunk or arms, is aggressively shaken, with the head being moved from abrupt flexion to violent hyperextension. The syndrome is characterized by a triad of CNS injury (subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage, acute encephalopathy, edema or diffuse axonal injury and retinal hemorrhage). Serial costal or humeral fractures can frequently be found in the skeleton. Diagnosing SBS may often be problematic due to the possibility of false negative but also, though rarely, false positive diagnosis and remains widely discussed in the literature. The authors describe one case in detail.

Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially life-threatening syndrome with multisystemic manifestations due to the rapid release of proinflammatory mediators. In children, foods can be a significant trigger for anaphylaxis (milk, eggs, wheat, soy, peanuts, fish and others). Patients experiencing anaphylaxis can present with cutaneous, respiratory, cardiovascular or gastrointestinal manifestations. Epinephrine given intramusculary remains the mainstay of treatment for this condition. Other second or third-line therapies, such as inhaled beta-2 agonists, H1 and H2 receptor antagonists and corticosteroids, may play a role in resolving respiratory and cutaneous signs and symptoms. Biphasic reactions may occur during the resolution phase of symptoms and, thus, all patients should be observed before discharge from hospital. On discharge, all patients should be prescribed epinephrine autoinjectors, and referred to an allergist for further evaluation and education.

Medulloblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme are completely different types of brain tumors in the parameters of the patients‘ age and location of occurrence. Secondary glioblastoma is the most common solid tumor induced by radiotherapy. The prognosis of these secondary malignancies despite aggressive multimodal therapy is still very bleak. The author presents a case report of sixteen-year-old boy suffering from posterior cranial fossa secondary glioblastoma 6 years after combined treatment for medulloblastoma in the same location. Features of clinical manifestations, pathological and cytogenetic findings and treatment options are presented.

Currently there are two available vaccines against human papilloma virus (HPV). Bivalent vaccine Cervarix and quadrivalent vaccine Gardasil. Both vaccines despite the fact that they are produce by the identical recombinant technology differentiate in a number indicator. They differ in the number and amount of antigen in the production system used for the preparation of antigens, the adjuvant system and indication range. The uniqueness of the two vaccines is that they are the first truly anti-cancer vaccines, which have expanded the possibilities of prevention by vaccination. Another uniqueness of HPV vaccines is significantly higher immune response to vaccination rather than natural HPV infection. Given that the most important role in HPV protection played virus neutralisation antibodies in serum, immunogenicity of the vaccine, high IgG antibodies production and duration of vaccine-induced protection of a key for the high efficacy of HPV vaccination. There are the first head-to-head data comparing the two vaccines in immunogenicity, efficacy and safety. But many questions remain in the duration of protection, in the minimal titres of protective antibody, the need for booster doses, the effect of natural HPV infection on the production of antibodies and anamnestic role of memory B cells. The significance of HPV vaccination is to prevent the most common and most serious diseases associated with HPV infection – cervix carcinoma.

Masturbation in young children is relatively common being typically manifested by leg crossing, rhythmic pelvic movements, accompanying noises, and sweating. Since there is no direct manipulation of the genitalia, signs of masturbation can be mistakenly interpreted as epileptic seizures, paroxysmal dyskinesia, or abdominal pain. Correct recognition of symptoms can spare the child from undergoing complicated examination procedures and unindicated treatment (e. g., antiepileptics). The authors report two cases with typical manifestations of childhood masturbation.

of coeliac disease Diagnostic criteria for coeliac disease from the ESPGHAN were published in 1990. Since then, the autoantigen in celiac disease, tissue transglutaminase, has been identified; the perception of celiac disease has changed from enteropathy to a multiorgan disease dependent on the haplotypes human leukocyte antigen HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8; and specific antibody tests have improved.

The authors present a case report of a sixteen year old girl unable to swallow solid foods and with a history of progressive vomiting. Laboratory, imaging and histological results revealed paediatric (self-limited) Ménétrier’s disease. The incidence of this disease in children is very rare. In contrast with the adult, chronic form, paediatric Ménétrier’s disease has a favourable prognosis, and spontaneously recedes within two to six weeks. The authors discuss the possible aetiological factors, the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical symptom in their patient.

Sudden death in young athletes evoke fear in careful parents for their offspring´s life. They demand paediatric cardiology evaluation to eliminate risk of death during physical activity. A case of young female athlete is presented in the article. Well timed correct diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy prevented a possible catastrophe. Other cases of sports fatalities and opportunities for their screening are discussed.

Sleep disorders in children and young people are relatively frequent with ocurrence of about 30 %. A thorough diagnosis with a determination of cause is necessary for a succesful treatment as well as a family cooperation. Nonpharmacological approach is preferred for the treament of sleep disoreders in children and young people.

The principles of rhinitis allergica treatment in children are similar to those in adults; special care should be taken, to avoid the side effects of drugs. Non-pharmacologic treatment involves education of the family and the child about the nature of the disease and about the avoidance of allergens and irritants from the environment. Allergen specific subcutaneous immunotherapy is not usually recommended before the age of five years, sublingual immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis may possibly prevent later development of asthma. The evidence available from studies indicates that slowing of linear growth can occur in children treated with intranasal corticosteroids. There is a possibility of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression by fluticason, beclomethasone and budesonide intranasal treatment which, however, does not appear clinically significant at most patients. Any child receiving topical corticosteroids should undergo regular monitoring of growth at 4-month intervals during the first year of treatment, and at 6-month intervals thereafter. Key words: allergic rhinitis, allergen, intranasal corticosteroids, side effects.

The spectrum of diagnoses suitable for growth hormone (GH) treatment is going wider. This trend recalls the discussion about the long-term effect of GH therapy (applied in supraphysiological doses) on body composition in children. Studies directed on this topic assessed visceral and subcutaneous fat, muscles, parameters of bone quality and their proportions and interplays. There is a clear evidence that growth hormone therapy has a positive impact on body composition in all groups of children treated – it decreases relative proportion of body fat, increases muscle area, and (primarily or secondary) improves bone quality.

This paper focuses on the problem of infantile colic from the practical point of view.

The aim of the article is to familiarize clinicians and other practitioners with the therapy of IBD in children, emphasizing the role of medications in induction and maintenance. The modern molecular techniques have made possible the production of highly specific monoclonal antibodies to target particular cellular and humeral mediators of mucosal inflammation. Infliximab was the first agent of this class to demonstrate clinical efficacy for the treatment of patients with IBD. This modern biological treatment is used in patients with corticosteroid-resistant or fistulizing disease. Gastroenterologist carrying for children with IBD must develop an optimal regimen of pharmacologic therapies, nutritional management, psychological support and properly timed surgery (when necessary) that will maintain disease remission.

Vasoformative tissue tumors (heamangiomas) are frequent in children just after delivery. Quick tumor growth during the first 8–16 months of life is often changed (in 70–80 % of cases) by spontaneous continual involution. Prognosis is not always such favorable in haemangiomas of head and neck region. In these cases a causal therapy is necessary. In exact diagnostics, non invasive methods as ultrasonography, dopplerometry, CT or MR are used frequently. A strictly individual therapy requests a good collaboration of specialists in paediatry and other medical disciplines. In the case report the authors demonstrate the course and results of treatment of two couple of twins suffered from multiple cavernous haemangiomas of the face, thoracic and dorsal region.