Pediatr. praxi. 2016;17(1):27-31 | DOI: 10.36290/ped.2016.006

Human milk is a source of prebiotics or also probiotics for babies?

Ing.Šárka Musilová, Ph.D., Ing.Věra Bunešová, Ph.D., prof.Ing.Vojtěch Rada, CSc.
Katedra mikrobiologie, výživy a dietetiky, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze

Human milk has been considered sterile. However, recent studies have shown that it contains a lot of bacteria, which some of

them could be first probiotics for newborns. There are two hypotheses how bacteria can reach the mammary gland: contamination

and/or active migration. Better understanding microbiota of human milk, its creation and its potential role should be aim

of future investigation.

Keywords: probiotics, microbiota of human milk, bacterial diversity, contamination, active migration

Published: February 1, 2016  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Musilová Š, Bunešová V, Rada V. Human milk is a source of prebiotics or also probiotics for babies? Pediatr. praxi. 2016;17(1):27-31. doi: 10.36290/ped.2016.006.
Download citation

References

  1. Duijts L, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, et al. Prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of infectious diseases in infancy. Pediatrics 2010; 126: e18-e25. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  2. Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, et al. A summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's evidence report on breastfeeding in developed countries. Breastfeeding medicine 2009; 4: S17-S30. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  3. Slusser W. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. AAP Grand Rounds 2007; 18: 15-16. Go to original source...
  4. Quigley MA, Kelly YJ, Sacker A. Breastfeeding and hospitalization for diarrheal and respiratory infection in the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study. Pediatrics 2007; 119: e837-e842. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  5. Chantry CJ, Howard CR, Auinger P. Full breastfeeding duration and associated decrease in respiratory tract infection in US children. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 425-432. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  6. Nishimura T, Suzue J, Kaji H. Breastfeeding reduces the severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection among young infants: A multi-center prospective study. Pediatrics International 2009; 51: 812-816. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  7. Greer FR, Sicherer SH, Burks AW. Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas. Pediatrics 2008; 121: 183-191. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  8. Eidelman AI. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk: an analysis of the American Academy of Pediatrics 2012 Breastfeeding Policy Statement. Breastfeeding Medicine 2012; 7: 323-324.
  9. Boehm G, Moro G. Structural and functional aspects of prebiotics used in infant nutrition. The Journal of nutrition 2008; 138: 1818S-1828S. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  10. Euler AR, Mitchell DK, Kline R, et al. Prebiotic effect of fructo-oligosaccharide supplemented term infant formula at two concentrations compared with unsupplemented formula and human milk. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2005; 40: 157-164. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  11. Penttila IA. Milk-derived transforming growth factor-? and the infant immune response. The Journal of pediatrics 2010; 156: S21-S25. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  12. Walker A. Breast milk as the gold standard for protective nutrients. The Journal of pediatrics 2010; 156: S3-S7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  13. van't Land B, Boehm G, Garssen J. Breast milk: components with immune modulating potential and their possible role in immune mediated disease resistance. Dietary components and immune function: Springer, 2010: 25-41.
  14. Musilova S, Rada V, Vlkova E, et al. Beneficial effects of human milk oligosaccharides on gut microbiota. Beneficial microbes 2014; 5: 273-283. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  15. Martín R, Langa S, Reviriego C, et al. Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut. The Journal of pediatrics 2003; 143: 754-758. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  16. Beasley SS, Saris PE. Nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis strains isolated from human milk. Applied and environmental microbiology 2004; 70: 5051-5053. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  17. Albesharat R, Ehrmann MA, Korakli M, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses of lactic acid bacteria in local fermented food, breast milk and faeces of mothers and their babies. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 2011; 34: 148-155. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  18. Heikkilä M, Saris P. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by the commensal bacteria of human milk. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2003; 95: 471-478. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  19. Martín V, Ma?es-Lázaro R, Rodríguez JM, et al. Streptococcus lactarius sp. nov., isolated from breast milk of healthy women. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 2011; 61: 1048-1052. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  20. Hunt KM, Foster JA, Forney LJ, et al. Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk. PLoS One 2011; 6: e21313. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  21. Cabrera-Rubio R, Collado MC, Laitinen K, et al. The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2012; 96: 544-551. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  22. Khodayar-Pardo P, Mira-Pascual L, Collado M, et al. Impact of lactation stage, gestational age and mode of delivery on breast milk microbiota. Journal of Perinatology 2014; 34: 599-605. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  23. Rada V, Nevoral J, Flajšmanová K, et al. Occurrence of bifidobacteria in human milk. Milchwissenschaft 2011; 66.
  24. Vaidya Y, Patel S, Patel R, et al. Exploring the microbiota of human milk using the culture-dependent method. International Journal 2015; 3: 462-471.
  25. Jiménez E, Fernández L, Marín ML, et al. Isolation of commensal bacteria from umbilical cord blood of healthy neonates born by cesarean section. Current microbiology 2005; 51: 270-274. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  26. Jiménez E, Marín ML, Martín R, et al. Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile? Research in microbiology 2008; 159: 187-193. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  27. Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, et al. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Science translational medicine 2014; 6: 237ra265-237ra265. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  28. Ramsay DT, Kent JC, Owens RA, et al. Ultrasound imaging of milk ejection in the breast of lactating women. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 361-367. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  29. Jeurink P, Van Bergenhenegouwen J, Jimenez E, et al. Human milk: a source of more life than we imagine. Beneficial microbes 2013; 4: 17-30. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  30. Martín R, Heilig G, Zoetendal E, et al. Diversity of the Lactobacillus group in breast milk and vagina of healthy women and potential role in the colonization of the infant gut. Journal of applied microbiology 2007; 103: 2638-2644. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  31. Matsumiya Y, Kato N, Watanabe K, et al. Molecular epidemiological study of vertical transmission of vaginal Lactobacillus species from mothers to newborn infants in Japanese, by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. Journal of infection and chemotherapy 2002; 8: 43-49. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  32. Xiao M, Xu P, Zhao J, et al. Oxidative stress-related responses of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BBMN68 at the proteomic level after exposure to oxygen. Microbiology 2011; 157: 1573-1588. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  33. Rescigno M, Urbano M, Valzasina B, et al. Dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and penetrate gut epithelial monolayers to sample bacteria. Nature immunology 2001; 2: 361-367. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  34. Fernández L, Marín M, Langa S, et al. A novel genetic label for detection of specific probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Food science and technology international 2004; 10: 101-108. Go to original source...
  35. Perez PF, Doré J, Leclerc M, et al. Bacterial imprinting of the neonatal immune system: lessons from maternal cells? Pediatrics 2007; 119: e724-e732. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  36. Fanning S, Hall LJ, Cronin M, et al. Bifidobacterial surface-exopolysaccharide facilitates commensal-host interaction through immune modulation and pathogen protection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2012; 109: 2108-2113. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  37. Donnet-Hughes A, Perez PF, Doré J, et al. Potential role of the intestinal microbiota of the mother in neonatal immune education. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2010; 69: 407-415. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  38. Perez-Cano FJ, Gonzalez-Castro A, Castellote C, et al. Influence of breast milk polyamines on suckling rat immune system maturation. Developmental & Comparative Immunology 2010; 34: 210-218. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  39. Iwase T, Uehara Y, Shinji H, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis Esp inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and nasal colonization. Nature 2010; 465: 346-349. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  40. Park B, Iwase T, Liu GY. Intranasal application of S. epidermidis prevents colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in mice. PloS one 2011; 6: e25880. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  41. Uehara Y, Kikuchi K, Nakamura T, et al. H2O2 produced by viridans group streptococci may contribute to inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization of oral cavities in newborns. Clinical infectious diseases 2001; 32: 1408-1413. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  42. Díaz-Ropero M, Martin R, Sierra S, et al. Two Lactobacillus strains, isolated from breast milk, differently modulate the immune response. Journal of applied microbiology 2007; 102: 337-343. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  43. Olivares M, Díaz-Ropero M, Martín R, et al. Antimicrobial potential of four Lactobacillus strains isolated from breast milk. Journal of applied microbiology 2006; 101: 72-79. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  44. Olivares M, Díaz-Ropero MP, Sierra S, et al. Oral intake of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 enhances the effects of influenza vaccination. Nutrition 2007; 23: 254-260. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  45. Jost T, Lacroix C, Braegger C, et al. Impact of human milk bacteria and oligosaccharides on neonatal gut microbiota establishment and gut health. Nutrition Reviews 2015: nuu016. Go to original source...
  46. Fernández L, Langa S, Martín V, et al. The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease. Pharmacological Research 2013; 69: 1-10. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...




Pediatrics for Practice

Madam, Sir,
please be aware that the website on which you intend to enter, not the general public because it contains technical information about medicines, including advertisements relating to medicinal products. This information and communication professionals are solely under §2 of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. Is active persons authorized to prescribe or supply (hereinafter expert).
Take note that if you are not an expert, you run the risk of danger to their health or the health of other persons, if you the obtained information improperly understood or interpreted, and especially advertising which may be part of this site, or whether you used it for self-diagnosis or medical treatment, whether in relation to each other in person or in relation to others.

I declare:

  1. that I have met the above instruction
  2. I'm an expert within the meaning of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. the regulation of advertising, as amended, and I am aware of the risks that would be a person other than the expert input to these sites exhibited


No

Yes

If your statement is not true, please be aware
that brings the risk of danger to their health or the health of others.